Trades &
Occupations
Domestic Artisans,
Farmers, Tradesman, Professionals, Clergy, Administrators &
Manual Laborers
A sign of an
intellectually worthwhile life of a village are
always the social and cultural associations. The oldest association of our community is the
Trade Association, frequently also called
Zunft (Guild), Innung (Guild), or Meister
(Master Craftsman) Association.
It was a beautiful entertaining life that the
association led, at different formal events, but
especially at the annually held general assembly
where all the fellow shopkeepers were met by the
guild master with village music and after the
assembly they were accompanied back again by all
of the members of the association with music.
It also happened this way when the master
craftsman held a ball.
The association – called Zunft (Guild) in the
beginning issued apprentice and master craftsman
letters, but lost its privileges in 1867. It
remained, however, under the name as a social
association until 1877, then it operated until
1897 as Association of the Business
Enterprises.
Then it existed recently under the name Trade
and Commerce Association which from 1924 to the
end of 1929 was overheard to be the Iron Ring
Trade Association until finally on the 15th
of January, 1930 it became connected as the
local group of the German-Swabian Trade and
Commerce Association. [Source: Mercydorf
1734-1934 by Peter
Schiff, Translated by Brad Schwebler]
English/German
Translations
&
Descriptions
&
References
Compiled
by
Jody
McKim
Pharr
English |
German |
Description / Reference |
Agriculture -
Livestock
-
Farm Animals for home use & export |
Landwirtschaft - Tierzucht - Tiere auf dem Bauernhof für zu Hause & Export |
Agriculture in Surtschin by Michael
Schmidt, 1980 "Wheat, Barley,
Oats, Rye, Corn, Feed Crops, Red Clover,
Beets, & The Farmer's Work Year"
Livestock
& Farm Animals in Banat General
Contributions "Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Horses, Chicken & Geese,
Goats, & Storks" Hemp Industry in Batschsentiwan
by Hans Kopp - "After WWI, export firms of Batschsentiwan
delivered not only to countries in Europe but also
throughout the rest of the world."
|
Artisan,
Tradesman
or
Craftsman |
Handewerker |
See: Handicrafts Worker |
Artist |
Kunstler |
|
Baker |
Bäcker |
Gingerbread Maker (Ger.:
"Lebzelter")
Here he is
decorating a
pastry "Lebkuchen"
(earlier called
"Lebzelte").
Those are the
spicy cakes made
with honey and
nutmeg, and he
is in the
process of
decorating them
with liquid
sugar (sugar and
egg white?). Photo contributed by Hans Gehl.
|
Barber & Hairdresser |
Ballweerer; Friseur-Balvierer |
The Ballweerer
(Barber) by Heinrich
Hoffmann Translated by
Brad
Schwebler
The daily shaving, whether electric or wet, is understandable for men today.
In Bulkes it was different. In Bulkes a man
“ballweere” himself, that is, shaved. One did
not go to the barber shop like today to have his
hair cut or perhaps be shaved.
The Ballweerer came to his customer in his
home. With his own “Ballweermesser” (knife),
one “ballweerte” himself only in exceptional
cases. In the summer, when my father, who was a
farmer, worked all week on the Sallasch, he
“ballweerte” himself there. Once or twice a
week the “Ballweerer” visited his customers.
Weekday and day times were permanently
arranged. Only the doctor, the pastor, and the
teacher “ballweern” themselves daily. For the
farmers he already came early around six or
first thing later in the evening, when they came
home from field work. Once a month on the
“Ballweerer” day he also cuts customers’ hair.
His work tools were a soap bowl made of
porcelain with the lather brush in it, and the
different Ballweermesser (knives) for the
varying beard strengths of his customers wrapped
up in a leather or linen case. |
|
Hairdressers from the Banat were 1907 cofounders of the
Association of Banat Swabians
(Hans
Dama Photo Collection)
Membership Photo:
Hairdressers from the Banat were 1907
cofounders of the Association of Banat
Swabians. Shown here is a hairdressing
competition.
Source: Archiv des
Verbandes der Banater Schwaben
Österreichs [Archive of the Association
of Banat Swabians of Austria]
|
In addition he brought the whetstone and leather strap with which he gave the knife the last cut. He brings all this in a wide leather bag with a brass handle and snap fastener to his customers. Occasionally he also has an apprentice with him.
Barber shops in those days were almost as popular a meeting place as saloons. Men had their hair cut professionally, women did their hair at home. - John Schlesinger
The apprentice then gets the lather while he
selects the right knife for the customer’s beard
growth. Before he begins with the Ballweeren,
he sharpens the knife on the whetstone and then
on the strap. Like a living village newspaper
he tells all the news of the world and the
village to his customers. He was the local
paper and the world paper at the same time. The
soap foam abballweerten (shaved up) with the
beard hair in it he places in a flat tin can he
also brought with his Ballweermesser (knife).
This had a folding lid without a fastener. In
the end he wiped the remaining foam off the
customer’s face with a cloth, rubbed the cheeks
with alum stone, and quickly went on his way to
the next customer. So he could keep his
arranged dates during the warm time of the year
he grasped the handgrips of the handlebar with
both hands while standing behind the Bizikel
(bicycle), placed his right foot on the spike of
the extended rear wheel hub, pushed off with his
left foot, and swung himself over the rear wheel
into the saddle which squashed the feathers
under the sudden weight. During the trip the
tin can swung in his hand so that the folding
lid opened and the foam with the beard hair flew
in the street dust or also on the trunk of the
next mulberry tree. In the winter when
everything was covered in snow and it was cold,
he came on foot.
Often I liked to watch the Ballweerer as a
child when he grasped the nose of my father and
grandfather with the thumb and index finger of
his left hand, pulled it up and with the always
sharp Ballweermesser (knife) wegballweerte
(shaved away) the foam with the beard hairs
downwards by the upper lip. Frequently father
and son each had his own Ballweerer.
The Ballweerer was paid by the farmers with
produce like wheat and Kukrutz (corn).
He received cash from the customers who he
“ballweerte” daily. As a second occupation the
Ballweerer was as a rule a musician. His
apprentice he trained to be a Ballweerer and
naturally a musician as well. During the
harvest time he was also active with the farmers
as a day laborer. According to the list in the
Bulkes homeland book, of a total population of
2,860 in the year 1945 there were 17 Ballweerer
in Bulkes. There were no barber shops. The
women wore “Gretchenfrisur” (chaplet
hairstyle). The long hair was braided in two
braids and laid counter-clockwise on the head.
Few women who already had a modern hairstyle had
to ride the train to Neusatz to the ladies’ hair
salon.
|
|
Basket,
Brooms & Brushes |
Körbe, Besen u. Bürsten |
Basket Factory
photo is from 'Heimatbuch der deutschen
Gemeinde Schöndorf' (Town History Book of the german village of Schöndorf) by Nikolaus
Englemann, 1989, page 165. -Bob Bermel, Schöndorf
Village
Coordinator "Basket weaving" was a part of Schondorf history
from the colonization beginning in 1768 with the
family of Johann Logel. In 1828 census
there were 4 'korbmacher' (master weavers),
surnames of Frensch, Grunzweig, Lui & Scharle.
Hangai, Wersching and Mayer are 'korbmacher' in
the 1850's. From 1900 to the start of
World War I was a very prosperous time for the
industry with over 70 workers. After WWII
saw the introduction of a communist, state run
co-op with building additions in the 1960's. |
|
|
Blacksmith |
Schmied |
|
Bookbinder |
Buchbinder |
|
Brewer
(beer) |
Braumeister |
The Braumeister (Master Brewer)
|
|
Weifert
Brewery in Pancevo Contributed by Michael
Miller
My great
grandfather, Balint
Muller, but we knew him as Valentine Miller, was a Braumeister (Master
Brewer) in Pancevo at
the Weifert Brewery.
The Weifert brewery is
still in existence. Source: Hugo Weifert Brewery www.weifert.co.yu |
|
|
|
|
|
Old dock and Weifert
Brewery in Pancevo Contributed by Michael
Miller |
|
|
|
|
|
Weifert Brewery in
Pancevo Contributed by Michael
Miller |
|
Brick
Maker, Bricklayer
/ Mason |
Maurer / Ziegler |
|
Brushmaker |
Bürstenbinder |
Isidor Färber - Feiner
Bürsten Erzeuger Fine brushes producer. Card sent
to Kopreinitz, the German
variant for Koprivnica, a city
in northern Croatia.
It is the capital of the
Koprivnica-Križevci county;
the Hungarian translation is
Kapronca. Another variant is
Kopriwnitza.
|
Builder |
Baumeister |
·
engineer · woodworker
~
carpenter ·
house
builder ·
turner · cooper ·
joiner ·
cabinetmaker ·
thatcher ·
mason
bricklayer ·
coachbuilder ·
wheelwright ·
carver ·
ship
&
boat
builder |
|
|
Butcher |
Fleischhauer,
Fleischer
hauer,
Metzger |
My Father,
the Meat Chopper (“Mein
Vater, der Fleischhacker”) by Andreas Franz, Translated by Hans Martini
Sandra Burns: This butcher shop in Hatzfeld, believed to belong to my Great Uncle Mihaly Webers' (married to Anna Wildermuth).
I'd like to know the location of it. |
Konditorei
|
Cake Shop |
|
Carpenter,
Cabinet
Maker,
Furniture
Maker,
Woodworker,
|
Tischler |
On becoming a
Woodworker by Adam Martini |
Candle
Maker |
|
|
Carpenter |
Zimmermann |
|
Carriage
Maker |
Wagner |
|
Chambermaid,
Housemaid |
Zimmermädchen |
|
The Cheese Dairyman |
|
Contributed by Diana Lambing
© Bogarosch
|
Chimney
Sweeper |
Rauchfangkehrer,
Schirbsteinfeger |
|
Clerk of Court |
|
My Great grandfather (seated) Franja (Franz) Strk at work in his office. He was like a clerk of the court, not a judge though. |
Clergy |
Geistliche |
|
Clock
Maker |
Uhrmacher |
|
Comber -
Flax |
Hechler-Lein |
|
Comber -
Hemp |
Hechler-Hanf |
|
The Cooper |
Böttcher
/
Fassbinder |
One
who makes or repairs vessels made of
staves & hoops, such as casks,
barrels & tubs.
Upon further "study" and
reading the references Glenn
and Jane found, I notice (on
more careful inspection)
that the "blade" of the
thing is most definitely
curved... as would be
necessary for making barrel
staves. So with this blade
in place, the contraption
would probably be indeed a
cooper's bench. Most likely,
other blades (or planes)
could be substituted for
other uses... or with
different radial dimensions
for making different sized
barrels. Most interesting
research! [Dan Drew] |
|
The Shaving Horse is a
simple foot-operated vice
that allows you to hold a
piece or wood ... relatively
easy to build and extremely
useful to. [Glenn in ND] A Cooper's bench
[Jane E. Moore] |
|
Corset
Maker |
Miedermacher |
|
Cutter –
Harvester,
Reaper |
Schnitter |
|
Dairyman |
|
|
Day
Laborer |
Taglöhner |
|
Dentist |
Zahnartzt |
Barbara Anne Teves Schaeffer: Schaeffer Dental Office in Karavukovo.
|
Distiller
of
Whiskey
& Brandy |
Brenner
(brandwein) |
|
Doctor -
MD |
Doctor-Artzt |
|
Drapery
Maker |
Tuchmacher |
|
Farmer |
Bauer |
|
Flour
Miller &
His
Horse
Mill |
Müller |
The Miller & His Horse Mill
A horse mill
consisted of two adjacent buildings: the
horse-capstan (German: Göpel) building and the
mill house proper. The first one was a large
round building with a cone-shaped roof of cane
or straw. Inside this building there was the
horse capstan, a horizontal cross-shaped yoke
attached to a very strong vertical axel. The
horses were harnessed to the arms of
cross-shaped yoke; by moving round and round in
a circle, they turned the vertical axel, the
motion of which was transmitted via a horizontal
intermediate axel and two angular gear sets to
the milling mechanism in the second building.
The axels and gears were made of wood, and the
whole complicated mechanism was certainly a
masterpiece of the village tradesmen.
|
|
November 03-
Rossmühle Mill
'Rossmühle Mill'
(Stefan
Jäger Collection)
Dominik Simone: The Horse Mill of
Alexanderhausen From the book by Walther Konschitzky: Dem Alter die Ehr; Kriterion Verlag Bukarest
1982 [interview conducted in 1970]
Contributed by Nick Tullius |
|
General
Store |
Gwelb |
|
Glass
Painter |
Glasmaler |
|
Glass-blower |
|
|
Grapeview
Grower |
Winzer |
|
Handicraft
Worker
(trade
or
craft)
Handicrafts
Worker,
Needle
Worker
and
Embroiderer |
Handwerk / Handarbeiter(in) |
Arts & Crafts
(Kunst und Handwerk)
Needlepoint & Embroidery,
Crochet,
Decorated Eggs, Crepe Paper Flowers
& Silk Flowers
|
Handlung |
business, trade; hence:
Händlung^häus
|
|
Hemp Comber &
Linen Weaver |
Hemp Comber & Leinenweber |
Hemp & Linen Processing
Spinning and weaving
are associated occupations. Flax (Flachs)
required a great amount of
processing to prepare it for
spinning. In America, each family
spun and prepared their own wool and
flax. Then, the weaver (who
traveled from town to town) would
come and weave the wool yarn that
had been spun into [wool] coverlets
and blankets, fabric for making
clothing, etc. The spun linen or
flax was woven into fabric for
making clothing, towels, sheets,
etc.
Hans Kopp's excellent
information on the processing of
hemp is identical to the process
used to prepare flax for spinning.
The Hemp Industry in Batschsentiwan |
|
|
Hemp
Comber |
Hechler-Hanf |
|
Herdsman
or
Shepherd |
Hirte |
|
House
Painter
&
Stenciler |
Maler |
Porch stenciling by Mari Hermann of Mercydorf
Photos taken by Jody
McKim Pharr, 2006
|
Hunter |
Jäger |
|
Inn-Keeper |
Wirt |
|
Landless
Laborer |
Kleinhäusler |
|
Leather Handler / dealer |
Lederhändler Lederhändlung: Leather dealer business |
Linda John-Theis: My grandfather, Michael Reichardt, leaning in the doorway of his Leather shop in the 1930s,
downtown Vrsac (Werschetz), Yugoslavia, now Serbia.
|
Leather
Coat
Maker |
Bundemacher |
|
Linen
Weaver |
Leinenweber |
|
Liveryman |
|
|
Livestock & Animals Breeders |
Vieh und Tiere Züchter |
Breeding, produce &
animals for home use & export
Cattle,
Sheep, Swine,
Horses,
Chicken & Geese,
Storks and Goats |
Maker of
the
Rolls
for the
Ceiling |
Wikelmacher |
|
Master
Brewer
Distiller
of Beer,
Whiskey,
Brandy |
Braumeister,
Bier und
Brandwein
brenner |
|
Midwife
/ Nurse |
Hebamme |
|
Musician |
Musiker |
|
Pastry-cook,
Confectioner |
Konditor |
|
Pharmacist |
Apotheker |
|
Photo: OLD HUNGARIAN PHARMACIES, Livia Nekam, Corvina Press 1968.
"The author describes apothecary
vessels that have survived from
the seventeenth, eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, . . . the
most beautiful of the pharmacy
interiors and furnishings from
the Empire and Biedermeier
periods." A small format but
fascinating book with a
fantastic range of colour
photographic plates and
interesting historical detail.
(Contributed by Jody McKim,
30 July 2007] |
|
Potter |
Töpfer |
|
Restaurant Owner |
Gastwirt |
|
Roofer |
Dachdecker |
|
Rope
Maker |
Seiler |
|
Saddler,
Harness
Maker,
Bridle
Maker |
Sattler |
|
Seamstress |
Näherin |
|
Servant |
Diener |
|
Sheet
Metal
Worker |
Spengler |
|
Shoemaker
/ Boot
Maker |
Schuster |
Shoemakers of Miletitsch [Hans Kopp]
|
Silkworm
Breeding |
|
|
The Breeding of
Silk Worms Information
from the Moritzfeld Heimatbuch,
provided by Don Mingesz, 2003 |
We were not
able to establish when exactly the breeding of silk worms was
introduced in our village. It was a very beloved economic activity in
the 18th
century. We know that emperor Joseph the 2nd – like his mother – has brought in Banat specialists from Italy in order to spread this branch of the agricultural production. In those periods many people bread silk worms (even well to do peasants), because it was an easy activity for the families with many children, which needed an additional income. For years 1880-1902 we have accurate information about the breeders and their success in the Banat and Arad counties.
County |
Number
of
Locations / Breeders |
Cocoons
|
Income in Kronens |
Income in Florins |
Arad
|
142
/ 1156 |
307586 |
564852 |
282426
|
Karasch
|
213
/ 4763
|
1017883 |
1867549
|
933774.5 |
Temesch |
197
/
10389 |
2343531 |
4369405 |
2184702.5 |
Torontal |
207
/ 18229 |
2677461 |
4845145 |
2422572.5
|
Hungary |
2667
/ 94605 |
18949372 |
35225339 |
17612669.5 |
In
1892 the Moritzfeld village arranged one and a half-acre of land as
tree nursery. Here they mainly cultivated blackberry bushes. The tree
nursery was maintained by a nursery worker paid by the community,
under the supervision of teacher Nikolaus Kolb. The inspectorate for
silk in Szekszard supplied the villages with silk worms and tried to
get breeders everywhere. In 1896 in our
village 165 persons dealt with this
activity, in 1910 there were only 105
persons. In some years they were able to get
between 1500-2500 kg of cocoons and received
an average amount of 4000 Kronen (2000
Florins) out of sales. It was for sure a
welcomed additional income.
Count Mercy,
the Italians
and
the Silkworm... The first settlers of Mercydorf were Italians, who settled
here to introduce silkworm breeding in the Banat. They
came with their priest Clemens Rossi who was the first pastor
who established the parish in 1734.
Read
more |
|
The Smith & Stoker
|
Brenneisen,
Brenner |
·
blacksmith ·
copper ·
tin ·
gun ·
lock ·
watchmaker ·
jeweler ·
goldsmith ·
silversmith |
Spinning
flax &
wool |
|
|
Stonemason |
Steinmetz |
Contributed by Diana Lambing
© Bogarosch |
Surgeon |
Chirurg |
|
Tailor &
Seamstress |
Schneider |
A sewing and
embroidery lesson in the
1920's, (Bogarosch Heimat
Book) Contributed by Diana
Lambing - Click image to
enlarge
Sewing Class in India,
contributed by Hans
Kopp, Oct 2007
Sewing Class in India
Contributed by Hans
Kopp, Oct 2007
|
|
Teachers
&
Scribes |
Lehrer |
Teacher
Friedrich Kühbauch &
The German Public School by Peter Lang The
Business and Trade School
~Furnishing the School with Teaching
Agents
by Peter Lang
The
Local School Council - Continuing Education Schools - Grammar School - Trade Academy by Peter Lang
Teachers of
Mercydorf by Peter Schiff
|
Thresher
– (Owner) &
Threshing
Machine |
Drescher &
Dreschmaschine |
Dreschmaschine
means threshing machine. North American
farmers use 'combines' which pick up the mowed -- or standing
grain as they drive through the fields. The self-propelled
combines remove the grain kernels, wheat, barley, oats, canola,
beans, clover and flax and leave the straw as they drive through
the fields. The straw is later baled and used as bedding for
livestock and sometimes fodder (feed).
The threshing machines were heavy iron machines that were
stationary during threshing. They had to be pulled either by
horses or tractor to move to a different location (the next
farmer's Treplatz = Dreschplatz).
Anne Dreer (ex-farmer)
by Nick Tullius
Threshing Machine Photo, Taken in Knees, Banat
by Rudy Jobba
Threshing Machine - Obresch, Syrmia
Threshing Party in
Bogarosch
|
Town
Drummer |
Trommler |
The Der Trommler / The Town Drummer /
Crier - "HEAR YEE!, HEAR YEE!."
"Town Crier," would walk
to every corner of the town, ringing a bell until the crowd
gathered around him, then he would yell out, - "HEAR YEE!,
HEAR YEE!." Then he would present his message in a
singing tone. He was known as the "Messenger."
Since the people in the
villages didn't have radios, the community hired a
messenger. He would get the message from the community City
Hall. He had a drum and went from corner to corner in the
village. He would drum for a few minutes to give the
citizens the chance to come out to the street and listen to
the news being delivered by the drummer. He delivered his
message in a shouting singing tone. The message being
delivered, concerned the local people, whenever community
work had to be done, on a volunteer basis. The man was known
as the Town Drummer, or "Der Trommler." He should be called
the "Town's Singer" instead of the "Town Crier." It would be
hard to cry on every corner. |
|
|
Image:
Donauschwäbische Lebensformen an der Mittleren Donau,
2003 by Hans Gehl
Read: The Town
Crier
by Ruth Elizabeth Melcher
|
Undertaker |
|
|
Veterinary
Surgeon |
Tierartzt |
|
Wall
Compactor
– |
Maurerstampfer |
Our Early Houses Were Made From Clay and Were Bound With Straw |
Weaver |
Weber |
Photos by
Jody McKim
Spinning and weaving
are associated occupations. Flax (Flachs)
required a great amount of
processing to prepare it for
spinning. In America, each family
spun and prepared their own wool and
flax. Then, the weaver (who
traveled from town to town) would
come and weave the wool yarn that
had been spun into [wool] coverlets
and blankets, fabric for making
clothing, etc. The spun linen or
flax was woven into fabric for
making clothing, towels, sheets,
etc. Hans Kopp's excellent
information on the processing of
hemp is identical to the process
used to prepare flax for spinning. The Hemp Industry in Batschsentiwan |
|
|
|
Weaving
Flax &
Wool |
Weber |
|
Welder |
Schweißer |
|
Wine
Farmer;
wine wholesaler;
wine merchant |
Weinlandwirt;
Weinherr;
Weinhaendler
|
Banat Vineyards
Batschka Vineyards
Syrmia Vineyards
Wine Processing |
Wool
processing
(carding,
dyeing) |
|
|
Woven
Wool
cloth
processing
(Fulling) |
|
|
|