The
Administration
By Peter Lang
Translated by Brad Schwebler
During the
time, when the Save and the Danube Rivers formed the border of the Turkish
ruling district, the Turks invaded the realm of the Hapsburgs again and again.
To resist these invasions a strip about 50 kilometers wide known as the
so-called military border was created under Maria Theresia along the Save and
Danube Rivers. It was also a
protective rampart against epidemics. During
certain times the military border not only consisted of the 50 kilometer wide
strip, but also stretched further to the north, for example up to
Mariatheresiaopel (Szabadka, Subotica) and reached from the Adriatic up to the
Carpathians. Enough said here, that
Beschka lies in the region of the military border, so that its development was
decided by the peculiarities of the region.
The inhabitant of the military border, the Grenzer (borderer), was
obligated to protect the land against surprise raids and looting attacks by the
Turks. They were therefore subject
to and obligated for a permanent state of readiness to take part in certain
military exercises. The meaning of
these duties is expressed in the Serbian proverb: “Vojna krajina, krvava
haljina” (“military border is a bloody dress”).
The borderers, who were essentially farmers, had to serve as guards.
Here they had to carry their equipment, food, and quarters themselves.
The military character of the military border does not only have the
military breeding of its inhabitants to follow, but meant that the total
administration and jurisdiction were military.
The whole military border was divided into four “Generalate”
(districts). Beschka belonged to
the Peterwardein district, one old fortress on the Danube, which was probably
built by the crusader Peter of Amiens in the 11th and 12th
centuries. Until December 31st,
1871, that is until the dissolution of the military border the districts of
Titel and Zsablya also belonged to the Peterwardein Generalat.
The regiment for this Generalat was in Mitrowitza.
The 12th company was in Beschka.
The guard farmers were not only commanded to guard service, but were
urged on to reforest the large forests. The
borderers had use of it and so did we people of Beschka until World War II,
which each old border house and the communities, including the church
congregations, received firewood. Until
1918 cheap salt (only the freight) and tobacco were kept.
Ms. Hubler (vgl. Reg. No. 854A) also explained to me that the work-shy
farmers who sat around on the street during the main work time were driven to
work by the sergeants with their clubs. (A
parallel to this was when Frederick the Great forced the farmers to the potato
fields with his cane.)
The official language in the
military border was German, but the officers and sergeants were mainly Croatian
or Serbian. The general in
Peterwardein was called, for example, Loncarevic = Häfner.
All sergeants who are named as authors of purchasing contracts or
witnesses in the Krtschedin and Jarek homeland books, had Slavic surnames.
I only found one name in the Jarek homeland book (von Gregus), whose
bearer could have been German. There
can be no question that there was a Germanization in the military border.
The German official language in the military border also had an effect on
the surrounding languages of the Serbs and Croats.
Here is an example: “Kad sam presla preko Bruckn, tako mi je bilo ibl,
a kad sam malo aine movale, odmah sam se bolje filovala.”
(As I went over the bridge, I was so sick, but as I went a little
farther, I felt better.)
At the immediate border (cordon)
the guards stood in airy summer house type guard houses, which were called the
Tschardak (Turkish summerhouse). (This
was also the description of the corn barns, a framework of slats 2 x 2 meters
and as long as one liked. Also the
Germans took over this name.) When
danger threatened anywhere the guards ignited a straw bundle on a high pole.
In the old days this was the quickest way to transmit the news.
In Beschka the 12th
Company was put up in the house with the large stalls at 71 Reiter Square.
The city hall was in house number 69 and there may have been living
quarters in house number 40. All of
these buildings may have been built in the time under Maria Theresia. They were
made of first class materials. The
walls were made of fired bricks, the roof covered with tiles, and the timbers of
very strong oak. The Reiter Square
in Beschka served, as its name already implies, for riding exercises.
The main road from Peterwardein to Semlin did not go through India at the
time, but through Beschka and Sasse
(Novi Karlovci) instead. Reiter
Square was in the center of Beschka at the time.
House number 71 was probably rebuilt as a school after the military
border was abolished in 1871. House
number 40 was the Reformed church and parsonage. As the new community house (city hall) was built, building
number 69 was also passed over to school ownership.
In the military border there were other laws which were also valid as in
the Beschka. Because of ignorance
of these differences some colonists in Krtschedin were deceived by the purchase
of the land holdings. In Beschka
this may have also happened.
For the collars of parts of the
uniform (Krap?) red was grown between the railroad tracks and Prinz Eugen
Street. Because they attached the
fruit of Krapp to the clothing themselves, one called it Pappgras (pappen –
kleben – dicht) (stick – stick – thick).
The red color was taken from the roots.
When alzarin red was later chemically manufactured, this Pappgras was a
troublesome weed for Beschka. Only
the old people knew of its former use. There
where the Pappgras was planted was also the shooting place during the time of
the military border.
After the Berlin Congress of 1878 the Turks were
completely forced out of the Austro-Hungarian border, so that the military
border was dissolved overall. I
should still mention that during the time of the military border all men
assembled in front of the city hall after church service to receive orders.
This custom was kept in some villages that people assembled in front of
the city hall after church service to take notice of the publications until the
people fled.
[Published at
DVHH.org by Jody McKim Pharr, 2005]